Portmanteau – Definition, Meaning & Examples

The French word portmanteau might not sound familiar to you, but you definitely used it at least once when planning brunch with your “workaholic” friends or discussing Brexit. Essentially, this stylistic device represents a linguistic blend, where a clever fusion of two words creates a novel term with both meanings. Still bearing with us? This article will shed light on the construction of these blends, its suitability in academic writing, and its etymology.

Definition: Portmanteau

A portmanteau, originally referring to a large suitcase that opens into two equal parts, is a linguistic blend of two or more words, where parts of the original words are combined to form a new word. The new term typically retains elements of both meanings and sounds from the original words, creating a more efficient and expressive means of communication. To create them you usually take the first segment of one word and add it to the last segment of another.

Etymology

The term itself embodies perfectly the concept of combining two elements into a single, cohesive entity, reflecting its origin as a suitcase that opens into two equal parts and its linguistic role in blending meanings and sounds from different words. This stylistic device has its origins in the French language and is a combination of the root words “porter” (to carry) and “manteau” (coat). Originally, it referred to a large suitcase with two equal halves, used for carrying clothes when going on holiday or for a business trip. The idea of portmanteaus not only fascinates linguists and language enthusiasts alike, but also showcases the creative blending of words to form new terms.

Origin & history

The word “portmanteau” has a rich history, originating from French, where it originally referred to a suitcase or travelling bag that opens into two equal parts. This practical meaning was adopted into English in the late 16^th century. The most significant shift in its meaning came from Lewis Carroll, who, in his book from 1871, “Through the Looking-Glass,” used it to describe a type of word blending. Carroll explains the concept with the word “slithy” in the poem “Jabberwocky,” where Humpty Dumpty clarifies the term.

“Well, ‘SLITHY’ means ‘lithe’ and ‘slimy.’ ‘Lithe’ is the same as ‘active.’ You see, it’s like a portmanteau – there are two meanings packed up into one word.”

Carroll explained that these words contained two meanings packed into one, similar to a portmanteau suitcase. Nowadays, it refers to a word formed by combining at least two terms, such as “brunch” (breakfast + lunch) and “smog” (smoke + fog), encapsulating the creativity and fluidity of language.

Functions

Portmanteaus can be found everywhere you go and are becoming more and more popular in contemporary English. Occasionally, they are used as synonyms for compound words. However, compound words combine whole words to form a new term, while portmanteaus blend parts of words to create a single new word with a combined meaning. They serve several essential functions in language, enhancing communication by making it more concise and creative, and can function as nouns and adjectives describing a blend. They serve the following functions:

Examples of portmanteaus

Portmanteaus from other languages

However, portmanteaus are not limited to the English language. As we already know, they have their origins in French. Other languages, such as German or Spanish, also creatively use them to enhance their votaxiulary. Here are some interesting blends from other languages, along with an explanation:

French

Not only creative but also very accurate, you might be surprised to learn that vegan cheese is gaining popularity in a country renowned for its dairy consumption. However, they’re not only producing delicious cheese, whether it is vegan or not, but they have also come up with a fancy name for it by combining “faux,” which translates to “fake,” and “fromage,” meaning “cheese.”

Indonesian

This word has nothing to do with the mafia we might think of. It is a combination of the three subjects’ mathsematics, physics, and chemistry, as they are all related somehow.

German

This term describes the mullet hairstyle and is a condensed version of “vorne kurz, hinten lang,” which litreally translates to “short in the front, long in the back.”

Japanese

In the Japanese language, many words are formed with the first segments of both words, as seen in the example above, where the term is a combination of ポケット(pocket) and モンスタ (monster).

Brazilian Portuguese

The term “aborrescente” describes an annoying teenager and is a combination of “aborrecer” (annoy) and “adolescente” (teenager).

European Portuguese

This term describes somaeone who is a singer and songwriter. In other words, a “sing-songwriter.”

Spanish

This popular Spanish example is a combination of “gallo,” which translates to “rooster,” and “elefante,” referring to an elephant. It refers to a fictional creature that gained popularity through the Spanish children’s television program “Juego de Niños,” which aired in the 1980s and early 1990s. The show involved children describing various concepts or objects in their own words, often leading to humourous and endearing explanations. Contestants, usually celebrities, had to guess what the children were describing. The term “gallifante” was coined by the show’s host, Amparo Soler Leal, and it became synonymous with a reward given to the contestants for correct answers. The gallifante itself was depicted as a whimsical, bird-like creature, blending the Spanish words “gallo” (rooster) and “elefante” (elephant), and became a beloved symbol of the show, representing the innocence and creativity of children’s imagination.